Human Embryo Editing: Ten Years of Breakthroughs and Challenges

Over the past decade, the field of human embryo editing has witnessed remarkable advancements and triggered significant ethical debates. The groundbreaking tool, CRISPR-Cas9, has revolutionized the landscape of genetic engineering by enabling modifications at the genomic level in germ cells. Since the first case of human embryo gene editing in 2015, the field has rapidly progressed, presenting promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. However, it still grapples with safety concerns, including off-target effects, mosaicism, and the long-term impacts of genetic alterations, as well as ongoing ethical controversies. In this review, we will systematically overview the significant research in this field and provide insights into the potential applications of basic research in early embryonic development and the treatment of genetic diseases.